ABSTRACT
16. Tick-borne rickettsiosis is becoming a common emergent disease in many tropical countries, and the rapid detection of this disease could reduce the impact on wild life and public health. Pools of larvae and nymphs, and individual adult ticks are used for detection of Rickettsia species (Rickettsiaceae), but the number of larvae and nymphs in the pools likely affect the probability of detection of Rickettsia spp. We tested whether the number of larvae or nymphs of Amblyomma (Ixodidae) included in the pools affected the probability of detection. The number of larvae in each pool did not affect the probability of detecting Rickettsia spp., but the probability of detection increased rapidly with the number of nymphs. In this study, 20 nymphs are enough to approach a probability of 1 of detecting Rickettsia.
20. La rickettsiosis transmitida por garrapatas es una enfermedad emergente cada vez más común en muchos países tropicales, por lo que su rápida detección podría reducir su impacto negativo en la salud humana. Grupos (pozos) de larvas y ninfas de garrapatas, así como individuos adultos son usados para detectar la presencia de diferentes especies de Rickettsia. Sin embargo, el número de larvas y ninfas incluidos en estos grupos probablemente afecta la detección de Rickettsia spp. Nosotros probamos si el número de larvas o ninfas incluidas en estos grupos afecta la probabilidad de detección. Encontramos que el número de larvas incluidas en cada grupo no afectó la probabilidad de detección de Rickettsia spp., pero la probabilidad de detección aumenta rápidamente con el número de ninfas incluidas en los grupos. En este estudio, 20 ninfas por grupo fueron suficientes para tener una probabilidad cercana a 1 de detectar Rickettsia.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Plecoptera es un grupo basal de insectos acuáticos, también conocidos como "moscas de piedra". Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento taxonómico y ecológico del género Anacroneuria, se realizaron recolectas de ninfas en la parte alta y media del río Caldera, en la provincia de Chiriquí. Para esto se hicieron giras de campo una vez al mes de enero a diciembre de 2015. En siete estaciones de muestreo, se recolectaron ninfas en rocas y hojarasca sumergida, de forma manual con pinzas entomológicas y con red triangular, para su posterior cría en sistemas de acuarios en el laboratorio. Se recolectaron 485 ninfas, con la emergencia de 138 adultos. Cinco especies de Anacroneuria: Anacroneuria annulipalpis, A. benedettoi, A. planicollis, A. quetzali, A. marca y dos especies no identificadas fueron determinadas a través de la crianza de ninfas en laboratorio. El rango de distribución de A. benedettoi fue extendido a la provincia de Chiriquí. El primer registro de A. quetzalipara Panamá es comentado. Se aporta datos de distribución altitudinal, variabilidad estacional y requerimientos ambientales. Se recomienda ampliar los estudios sobre las asociaciones de ninfas con las formas adultas en otras áreas de Panamá y del Neotrópico, así como incrementar el conocimiento sobre la biología y ecología de este grupo.
Abstract Plecoptera order is a basal group of aquatic insects, also known as stonefly. In order to contribute to the taxonomic and ecological knowledge of the genus Anacroneuria, nymphs were collected in the upper and low parts of the Caldera River, in the Chiriquí province. For this, field trips were carried out once a month, from January to December of 2015. A total of seven stations were sampled, and nymphs were collected on rocks and submerged leaf litter, manually with entomological tweezers, and with a triangular net; nymphs were later transported and reared in aquarium systems in the laboratory, and their growth was followed. A total of 485 nymphs were collected, with the emergence of 138 adults. Five species of Anacroneuria: Anacroneuriaannulipalpis, A. benedettoi, A. planicollis, A. quetzali, A. marca and two unknown species were obtained after nymphs rearing. The distribution range of A. benedettoi was extended to the Chiriqui province. The first record for A. quetzaliin Panamá is commented. In addition, data of altitudinal distribution, seasonal variability and environment requirements were mentioned. We recommend to expand studies on Plecoptera nymph associations with adult forms in other areas of Panama and the Neotropics, as well as to increase the knowledge about their biology and ecology. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 164-177. Epub 2018 March 01.
ABSTRACT
Ticks are parasites that usually suck the blood of wild or domestic animals; rarely, they ingest human blood and spread various febrile infectious diseases along with skin problems. Out of 40 cases of tick bite reported in Korea, only 3 were caused by nymphal ticks, and tick bites by nymphal Amblyomma testudinarium have not been reported previously. Herein, we report a rare case of tick bite by nymphal A. testudinarium. A 57-year-old woman presented with an asymptomatic solitary erythematous nodule on the left thigh that had been present for 6 days. The tick, which the patient removed from the lesion and brought to the hospital, was identified as a nymphal A. testudinarium. Doxycycline (200 mg) was used as treatment, and after seven days of use, the patient improved and no other lesions were detected.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Animals, Domestic , Communicable Diseases , Doxycycline , Korea , Nymph , Parasites , Skin , Thigh , Tick Bites , TicksABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth (DE) against adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica.Methods:cockroaches. Two stages, nymph and adult, were exposed to six dose rates of the DE, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g/m2, at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure period. Mortality (number of dead cockroaches) was assessed after 24 h. Other exposed specimens were transferred to the beakers contained food and water for counting the retard mortality rate after 1 week. This cross sectional study has been done on the laboratory strain of German Results: Increasing in dose rates of DE increased mortality rate, so that the lowest and highest mortality rates were observed in 2.5 and 25 g/m2, respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the lethality of 50% of DE plus water on the German cockroach nymphs.Conclusions:Due to the resistance of German cockroach against organochloride organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethriodes insecticides, it is suggested to use DE for insect’s control.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth (DE) against adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This cross sectional study has been done on the laboratory strain of German cockroaches. Two stages, nymph and adult, were exposed to six dose rates of the DE, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g/m(2), at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure period. Mortality (number of dead cockroaches) was assessed after 24 h. Other exposed specimens were transferred to the beakers contained food and water for counting the retard mortality rate after 1 week.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Increasing in dose rates of DE increased mortality rate, so that the lowest and highest mortality rates were observed in 2.5 and 25 g/m(2), respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the lethality of 50% of DE plus water on the German cockroach nymphs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Due to the resistance of German cockroach against organochloride, organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethriodes insecticides, it is suggested to use DE for insect's control.</p>
ABSTRACT
Distribution pattern of spittlebug nymph, Ptyelus nebulus (Fabricius) (Homoptera, Aphrophoridae) was studied in the months of rainfall, June, July and August by using different statistical measures. All the estimators confirm that nymphs of spittlebug were aggregated in distribution. The cause of aggregation was also calculated by using formula of Arbous and Kerrich (1951) and it indicates that clumping of nymphs was due to environmental factors.
ABSTRACT
Fifth-instars of the cicada species Dorisiana drewseni (Stål), Dorisiana viridis (Olivier), Fidicina mannifera (Fabricius), Fidicinoides pronoe (Walker) and Carineta fasciculata (Germar) are described and illustrated. Moreover, a key to the nymphs of these species along with Quesada gigas (Olivier) is also provided.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Coffea/parasitology , Hemiptera/anatomy & histology , Hemiptera/growth & development , Brazil , Nymph/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
The immature stages of Neotropical ticks are poorly known and in many cases have not been described. This work presents a morphological description of Amblyomma brasiliense larvae (F1) and a redescription of nymphs (F1). A. brasiliense is reported as one of the most aggressive ticks to humans in Brazil. Immature ticks obtained from a laboratory colony initiated from adult specimens collected in the Parque Estadual Intervales (24º 18' S and 48º 24' W), São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed under scanning electron microscope, and also under light and stereoscopic microscopes. A. brasiliense larvae present basis capituli rectangular; short palpi; rounded idiosoma; coxa I with two spurs, the external one being longer than the internal one; and coxae II and III each with one short spur. Nymphs present basis capituli rectangular with a sharp pointed cornua; oval idiosoma with scutum reaching coxa III; coxa I with two evident spurs, the external one being longer than the internal one; coxae II-III each with one short spur; and coxa IV with a very short spur and chitinous tubercles on internal surface of posterior border of idiosoma. These morphological features, in association with chaetotaxy and porotaxy, should make possible the identification of immature Amblyomma ticks.
Os estágios imaturos dos carrapatos Neotropicais são pouco conhecidos e, em muitos casos, não estão descritos. Este trabalho apresenta uma descrição morfológica das larvas (F1) e redescrição das ninfas (F1) do carrapato Amblyomma brasiliense, relatado como um dos ixodídeos mais agressivos ao homem no Brasil. Para este fim, carrapatos imaturos de uma colônia iniciada com espécimes adultos do Parque Estadual de Intervales, São Paulo, Brasil foram analisados sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia de luz e lupa estereoscópica. Observou-se que larvas têm a base do capítulo retangular, palpos curtos e idiossoma arredondado, coxa I com dois espinhos, sendo o externo mais longo que o interno e coxas II e III com um espinho. Ninfas têm a base do capítulo retangular com córnua pontiaguda, idiossoma oval, coxa I com dois espinhos evidentes, sendo o externo mais longo que o interno, coxas II e III com um espinho curto em cada uma e coxa IV com um espinho muito pequeno, presença de tubérculos quitinosos na superfície interna da borda posterior do idiosoma. Estas características, associadas à quetotaxia e porotaxia, poderão tornar possível a identificação dos estágios imaturos de carrapatos do gênero Amblyomma.
Subject(s)
Animals , Ixodidae/anatomy & histology , Larva/anatomy & histology , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Nymph/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Chinavia longicorialis (Breddin) is recorded only in Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay on host plants of at least three different families. Adults and nymphs were reared under standard controlled conditions (24 ± 1°C; 70 ± 10 percent RH; 12hL:12hD), and fed on green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eggs and first instars of C. longicorialis are very similar to those of other species of Chinavia; however, the presence of orange maculae at the thoracic pleura is exclusive of first instars of C. longicorialis. Third to fifth instars have abdominal maculae divided by pseudo-sutures, a diagnostic feature of C. longicorialis nymphs. Light and dark morphs were observed for third, fourth and fifth instars. Head width measurements did not overlap between consecutive instars. The most frequent size of an egg clutch was 14; we suggest the adoption of the mode as the best and useful estimate of the egg clutch size for Pentatomidae. Average duration of the immature stages (egg to adult) was 39.4 ± 3.20 days. The high mortality observed from second to fifth instar (82.4 percent) and the lack of reproduction of the second generation indicate that green beans are unsuitable to proper development and reproduction of C. longicorialis by itself.
Chinavia longicorialis (Breddin) é encontrada apenas no Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai, sobre plantas hospedeiras de pelo menos três famílias diferentes. Adultos e ninfas dessa espécie foram coletados no Parque Estadual do Espinilho (Barra do Quaraí, RS) e na região da Serra do Sudeste (Canguçu e Caçapava do Sul, RS) e mantidos sob condições controladas (24 ± 1°C; UR 70 ± 10 por cento; 12hL:12hE), alimentados com vagens verdes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os ovos e as ninfas de primeiro ínstar de C. longicorialis são muito semelhantes àqueles das demais espécies de Chinavia; porém apresentando manchas alaranjadas na margem lateral dos segmentos torácicos. As manchas abdominais, a partir do terceiro ínstar, são nitidamente divididas pelas pseudo-suturas do abdome, o que constitui caráter diagnóstico para C. longicorialis. Ninfas do terceiro ao quinto ínstar apresentaram formas claras e escuras. Não foi observada sobreposição nas medidas de largura da cabeça entre diferentes estádios. O número de ovos por postura mais freqüente foi 14; sugere-se a adoção da moda como melhor estimativa para o tamanho das posturas em Pentatomidae. A duração média da fase imatura (ovo a adulto) foi de 39,4 ± 3,20 dias. A alta mortalidade do segundo ao quinto ínstar (82,4 por cento) e a ausência de desempenho reprodutivo nos adultos da segunda geração de laboratório indicam que vagens de feijão constituem alimento inadequado para a sobrevivência e reprodução de C. longicorialis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Hemiptera/anatomy & histology , Hemiptera/growth & development , NymphABSTRACT
The adult female and first-instar nymph of a new species of iceryine scale insect, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh sp. n., are described and illustrated. The new scale insect is polyphagous and was collected on 13 plant species distributed in seven botanical families, including fruit trees of economic importance such as mango and soursop. A taxonomic key to the species of the tribe Iceryini known from South America is provided. Previous records of C. brasiliensis (Hempel) from Colombia are confirmed to be misidentifications of this new species.
La hembra adulta y la ninfa del primer estadio de una nueva especie de cochinilla acanalada de la tribu Iceryini, Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo & Unruh sp. n., se describe e ilustra. La escama es polífaga y se colectó en 13 especies de plantas distribuidas en siete familias botánicas, incluyendo frutales de importancia económica como la guanábana y el mango. Se incluye una clave taxonómica para las especies actualmente incluidas en la tribu Iceryini en Sur América. Previos registros de C. brasiliensis (Hempel) en Colombia fueron confirmados como una identificación errónea de la nueva especie.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Hemiptera/anatomy & histology , Hemiptera/classification , Colombia , Nymph , South AmericaABSTRACT
The multivariate allometric growth patterns from longitudinal data of leg and rostral segments of all instars of Belostoma elegans (Mayr) and B. cummingsi De Carlo are presented for the first time, and the allometric coefficients are compared. The segments of the middle and hind legs present allometric coefficients with opposite polarity to those of forelegs. This discrepancy in the ontogenetic trajectories may be due to the different functions of the legs. The foreleg main function is to capture of the prey, while the middle and hind legs are adapted to swimming. The relative size of rostral segments is an important taxonomic character in Belostoma. In B. cummingsi, the proximal segment is longer than the middle one, while in B. elegans they are subequal. Our purpose is to explain these differences through the analysis of their ontogenetic trajectories in an attempt to illuminate the morphological differences among species from a developmental perspective.
Los patrones de crecimiento alométrico de los segmentos del rostro y de las patas de Belostoma elegans (Mayr) y B. cummingsi De Carlo son presentados y comparados por primera vez. Se emplearon datos longitudinales de todos los estadios ninfales en un contexto multivariado. Los segmentos de la pata media y posterior presentan coeficientes alométricos con polaridad opuesta a los de la pata anterior. Estas diferencias observadas pueden deberse al diferente rol que presentan las patas. La función principal de la pata anterior es la captura de las presas, mientras que las patas media y posterior están adaptadas para la natación. El tamaño relativo de los segmentos del rostro es una característica taxonómica importante en Belostoma. En B.cummingsi el segmento proximal es más largo que el medio, mientras que en B. elegans son subiguales. Nuestro propósito es explicar estas diferencias a través del análisis de las trayectorias ontogéneticas en un intento de aclarar diferencias morfológicas entre especies desde una perspectiva del desarrrollo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Heteroptera/growth & development , Heteroptera/anatomy & histology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The genus Laranda has six described species and is confined to South and Southeast of Brazil. We describe a new species and discuss the biology and distribution of the genus. The new species can be distinguished from its known congeners by the following characteristics: absence of yellow spots on pronotum and base of posterior tibiae; female copulatory papilla: sclerotization in dorsal view forming opposing acute angles, apical lobes narrow and small; male genitalia: pseudepiphallic median process short and wide; pseudepiphallic paramere with apex incurved and ectophallic fold surpassing apex of the parameres. The genus is distributed within the Atlantic Forest biome; the new species is found on tree trunks, as well as on forest leaf litter.
O gênero Laranda possui seis espécies descritas e está confinado ao Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Neste trabalho é descrita uma nova espécie, e a biologia e a distribuição do gênero são discutidas. A nova espécie pode ser distinguida das demais espécies do gênero pelas seguintes características: ausência de manchas amarelas no pronoto e base das tíbias posteriores; papila copulatória da fêmea: esclerotização em vista dorsal formando ângulos agudos opostos e lobos apicais estreitos e pequenos; genitália do macho: processo mediano do pseudepifalo curto e largo; parâmero pseudepifálico com ápice curvado e dobra ectofálica ultrapassando o ápice dos parâmeros. O gênero se distribui dentro do bioma Mata Atlântica; a nova espécie é encontrada sobre troncos de árvores, bem como sobre serrapilheira florestal.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Gryllidae/classification , Brazil , Genitalia, Female/anatomy & histology , Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology , Sex Characteristics , Species Specificity , TreesABSTRACT
Adultos de Chinavia pengue (Rolston, 1983) foram coletados em Garopaba, SC, e criados em laboratório sob condições controladas (24 ± 1°C; UR 70 ± 10 por cento; 12hL:12hE). Como alimento, adultos e ninfas receberam vagens verdes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os ovos de C. pengue seguem o padrão de coloração e esculturação do cório e coloração e forma dos processos aero-micropilares descrito para as espécies neotropicais de Chinavia. Ninfas de 1° instar possuem uma mancha ovalada no dorso da cabeça e tórax, característica das espécies de Chinavia. Em C. pengue, essa mancha tem coloração laranja-avermelhada, e as manchas abdominais (4+4 manchas laterais e uma mediana) são brancas. Características exclusivas das ninfas de 2° a 5° ínstares de C. pengue são a coloração laranja-avermelhada das manchas do pro- e mesotórax e das manchas circulares no centro das placas abdominais laterais. Não se observou sobreposição nas medidas da largura da cabeça entre os cinco ínstares. Cada fêmea depositou 15,9 ± 4,18 posturas e 218,8 ± 48,60 ovos, sendo 14 ovos/postura o arranjo mais freqüente. A fertilidade foi de 70,0 por cento ± 19,01; a mortalidade no 2° ao 5° estádio foi de 1,6 por cento ± 4,49. A razão sexual obtida foi de 1 macho: 1 fêmea. A duração da fase imatura (ovo a adulto) foi de 45,7 ± 2,99 dias.
Adults of Chinavia pengue (Rolston, 1983) were collected in Garopaba county, SC, and used to establish a laboratory culture under controlled conditions (24 ± 1°C; 70 ± 10 percent RH; 12hL:12hD). Adults and nymphs were fed with green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Eggs of C. pengue follow the pattern of coloration, chorion sculpture, color and shape of the aero-micropylar processes described to other neotropical Chinavia species. The first instar has the dorsal macula of the head and thorax characteristic of Chinavia species. In C. pengue, this macula is orange-red, and the abdominal maculae (4+4 lateral maculae and one median) are white. From second to fifth instars diagnostic characteristics are orange-red maculae at pro and mesothorax, and at middle of abdominal lateral plates. There was no overlapping of the head-capsule measurements between the five instars of C. pengue. Each female laid an average of 15.9 ± 4.18 egg masses and 218.8 ± 48.60 eggs; there was a marked peak at 14 eggs per egg mass. Mean egg fertility was 70.0 percent ± 19.01; mortality in the second to fifth stadium was 1.6 percent ± 4.49. Sex ratio was 1 male: 1 female. The mean duration of the immature stage (egg to adult) was 45.7 ± 2.99 days.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cimicidae/anatomy & histology , Cimicidae/growth & development , Hemiptera/anatomy & histology , Hemiptera/growth & development , Ovum , NymphABSTRACT
Here we describe the immature stages of Acrosternum (Chinavia) ubicum Rolston, and test the effect of the host plant on the size and coloration of the nymphs, by feeding them with developing fruits of Crotalaria incana L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Glycine max (L.) Merril, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.), and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. A. ubicum immatures are very similar to those from other neotropical Acrosternum species. The egg coloration varies from ochre to brown; the chorion is reticulated and the micropylar processes are clubbed and white. First to third instars are predominantly dark and the abdomen has a series of creamy to white maculae. Second to fifth instars show red to orange-red maculae on each of the dorso-lateral margins of the pronotum and mesonotum. In the fourth and fifth instars, these maculae are wider, and may also appear on the margins of the jugae, on the pronotum and mesonotum, and in the middle of the mesal and lateral plates of the abdomen. The orange-red coloration of these dorsal maculae seems specific to A. ubicum, but additional studies with other species of the genus are necessary to validate it as a good diagnostic characteristic. Fourth and fifth instars presented light and dark morphs, and their proportion varied according to the type of plant used as food. From the third instar on, the food also affected most of the morphometric parameters measured, i.e., length and width of the body, pronotum and scutelum, and antennal length; only the rostrum length remained unchanged.
Neste trabalho são descritos os estágios imaturos de Acrosternum (Chinavia) ubicum Rolston e é avaliado o efeito do alimento no tamanho e coloração, das ninfas alimentadas com frutos de Crotalaria incana L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Glycine max (L.) Merril, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) e Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Os imaturos de A. ubicum são semelhantes aos das demais espécies neotropicais de Acrosternum. Os ovos apresentam coloração ocre a castanho-parda, cório reticulado e processos micropilares clavados de coloração branca. Do 1° ao 3° ínstar, as ninfas têm coloração do corpo predominantemente escura e abdome com uma série de manchas de coloração creme a branca. A partir do 2° ínstar, apresentam manchas de coloração vermelha a vermelho-alaranjada nas margens dorsais do pronoto e mesonoto. A partir do 4° ínstar, as manchas são mais amplas, podendo também ocorrer nas margens das jugas, na superfície dorsal do pronoto e mesonoto e no centro das placas medianas e laterais do abdome. A coloração vermelho-alaranjada das manchas dorsais é aparentemente específica de A. ubicum, mas é necessário conhecer as ninfas das demais espécies do gênero para verificar se essa característica tem valor diagnóstico. O 4° e o 5° ínstares apresentaram formas escuras e claras, sendo que sua proporção variou de acordo com o tipo de alimento oferecido. A partir do 3° ínstar, o alimento também influenciou praticamente todos os parâmetros morfométricos considerados, isto é, comprimento e largura do corpo, comprimento e largura do pronoto e do escutelo e comprimento das antenas; somente o comprimento do rostro permaneceu inalterado.
ABSTRACT
Neste trabalho é apresentada a descrição dos caracteres morfológicos externos do ovo e dos ínstares ninfais de Loxa deducta Walker e Pallantia macunaima Grazia, alimentando-se de frutos de Ligustrum lucidum Ait. Os ovos e os cinco ínstares ninfais são ilustrados.
In this paper the description of the immature stages of Loxa deducta Walker and Pallantia macunaima Grazia (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) fed on privet, Ligustrum lucidum Ait. are offered as an aid to their taxonomic identification. The eggs and all five instars are illustrated.